Book Review
 

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Professions, Identity, and Order in Comparative Perspective

Vittorio Olgiati, Louis Orzack, and Mike Saks, editors, 1998. International Institute for the Sociology of Law.

      Summary: This volume examines a range of professional groups ? from law,
     accounting, and architecture to medicine, engineering, and the military ? and
     aims to illuminate the extent to which professions contribute to the normative
     border of society. Chapters provide comparative analysis of professions from a
     variety of nation-states.

 

Community, State and Market on the North Atlantic Rim
: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries

Apostle, Richard, Gene Barrett, Petter Holm, Svein Jentoft, Leigh Mazany, Bonnie McCay, and Knut Mikalsen. 1998. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 

Summary: This study of fishery-dependent communities in Northern Norway and Atlantic Canada examines the implications of common market integration, privatized resource management, and small business development policies for those communities in terms of long-term sustainability and participatory democracy.

Economics, Values, and Organization.

Ben-Ner, Avner, and Louis Putterman, eds. 1998. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Summary: In this book, economists and scholars from other disciplines use standard economic tools to investigate the formation and evolution of normative preferences, arguing that an adequate understanding of how an economy and society are organized and function cannot be reached without an understanding of formation and mutation of values and preferences that determine how we interact with others.
 
 
 

Making Work, Making Trouble: Prostitution as a Social Problem

Brock, Deborah R. 1998.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Summary: The purpose of this book is to demonstrate how prostitution takes on greater social meaning at certain times and becomes the target of public, media and state action. The author's focus is on how particular forms of the business of prostitution were produced as visible and regulatable social problems from the 1970s through the 1980s.

The Machine in Me: An Anthropologist Sits Among Computer Engineers.

Downey, Gary Lee . 1998.  New York & London: Routledge.

Summary: This book investigates the interface between the body and the machine in an ethnography of computer engineers. Drawing on interviews, observations, and personal interaction with engineers, the author seeks to understand how deeply society and machines are configured through one another.
 
 
 
 

Women's Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins

Eisenhart, Margaret A. and Elizabeth Finkel. 1998.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Summary: This book studies women involved in science and engineering in a high school genetics class, an internship for prospective engineers, an environmental action group, and a nonprofit conservation agency. In these scientifically marginal situations, the authors found relatively high proportions of women who were successful at learning and using technical knowledge, advanced in roughly equal percentages to men, and generally enjoyed their work, but who also enjoyed less prestige and received lower financial compensation than their male counterparts.

Social Change and Innovation in the Labour Market.

Hakim, Catherine. 1998. New York: Oxford University Press.

Summary: This study presents the results of the first analysis of labor market data from the Samples of Anonymous Records in the 1991 British Census, drawing comparisons with research results for the USA and other Western European countries. The author identifies a new category of integrated occupations, employing men and women equally in highly qualified work; the diversification of part-time work; the emergence of a new category of marginal jobs; and the expansion of student jobs.

The Stars Are Not Enough: Scientists --Their Passions and Professions

Hermanowicz, Joseph C. 1998. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 

Summary: Based on interviews with physicists at universities across the United States, this book offers a detailed and intimate account of the worlds in which scientists work. These personal narratives reveal dreams of fame and glory, give an inside look at the details of careers in science, and examine ambition by describing how the forces driving people in their professions persist or fade over time.
 
 
 
 

Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition.

Kempadoo, Kamala, and Jo Doezema, eds. 1998. London & New York: Routledge.
 

Summary: This work combines scholarly essays with personal narratives, interviews, and reports, to present the perspectives of sex workers in many different countries. Viewing them as working people who should enjoy both human and workers rights, it documents their movements to resist marginalization and exploitive working conditions.
 

Gender and the South China Miracle: Two Worlds of Factory Women

Lee, Ching Kwan. 1998. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Summary: In this comparative ethnography, the author describes how women workers in Hong Kong participate in a management system characterized by "familial hegemony, " while women workers in China¡¯s Guangdong province find an internal system of control and power based on a regime of "localistic despotism."
 

Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster

Lee Clarke, 1999. University of Chicago Press.
 
Summary: This book explores how managers and experts plan for massive uncertainties when they have no clue about how to go about it. Managers create "fantasy documents" to convince audiences that experts are in charge and all is well. Society would be safer, smarter, and more fair if organizations would      admit their limitations.
 
 
 
 

Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business.

Marchand, Roland. 1998. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Summary: Over the course of the twentieth century the popular perception of America's giant corporations has undergone an astonishing change from condemnation to respect, even reverence. This work shows how large companies such as AT&T and U.S. Steel created their own "souls" in order to reassure consumers and politicians that their size and influence posed no threat to democracy or American values. In so doing they transformed the culture of capitalism.

Confronting Change: Auto Labor and Lean Production in North America

Nunez, Huberto Juarez, and Steve Babson, eds. 1998. Detroit: Wayne State University Labor Studies Center.

Summary: This book analyzes the forces shaping and reshaping the global automobile industry. It combines scholarship about lean production in Canada, the United States, and Mexico with a new perspective about the alternatives available.
 

Workers' Paradox: The Republican Origins of New Deal Labor Policy, 1886-1935.

O'Brien, Ruth. 1998. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Summary: The author argues that Republicans of an earlier era developed the fundamental principles underlying modern labor policy. By examining a series of judicial rulings from 1900 to 1930, she shows that the emphasis on establishing the procedural rights of workers usually associated with the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 actually emerged in the 1920s in Republican-formulated labor legislation.

Voluntary Organizations and Innovation in Public Services

Osborne, Stephen P. 1998. London & New York: Routledge.

Summary: This volume uses original research to assess the innovative capacity of voluntary organizations. It provides a conceptual framework for understanding these organizations and empirical evidence about the nature and extent of innovation. It discusses the applicability of the for-profit model of innovation to non-profit organizations and the contingent nature of voluntary organizations' relationship to their external environment.

Labour Market Efficiency in the European Union: Employment Protection and Fixed-Term Contracts

Schomann, Klaus, Ralk Rogowski, and Thomas Kruppe. 1998. London & New York: Routledge.

Summary: While the deregulation of labor law in the European Union was thought to be a spur to lasting employment growth, the results of facilitating fixed-term contracts have been far from those expected. Drawing upon research and analysis, this is a discussion of how legal, sociological, and economic labor market theories contribute to an understanding of atypical employment.

Stumbling Blocks to Stepping Stones: The Life Experiences of Fifty Professional African American Women.

Slevin, Kathleen F., and C. Ray Wingrove. 1998. New York: New York University Press.

Summary: Examining the lives of fifty retired African American women, four aspects of those lives -- the women¡¯s processes of survival and resistance; the importance of church and education; how they came to be in the work force, and their struggles to overcome racial bias and adversity in the pre-civil rights era -- are explored to show the importance of overcoming stereotypes and focusing on the potential for such women to be role models.

Industrial Societies: An Evolutionary Perspective

Stover, Ronald, Melodie Lichty, Penny Stover. 1999. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Summary: Designed for undergraduate courses in work or industrial sociology, this text explores the development of and life in industrial societies, encouraging students to consider important issues such as the power of organizations, the U.S. economy¡¯s shift from a manufacturing base to a service base, and the development of a world economy.
 

Animals, Disease and Human Society: Human-Animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine.

Swabe, Joanna. 1998. London & New York: Routledge.

Summary: This book explores the history and nature of our dependency on other animals and its implications for human and animal health. Writing from an historical and sociological perspective, the author discusses animal domestication and the consequences of human exploitation of other animals. The account raises important questions about the increasing intensification of animal use for both animal and human health.

Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan

Tsutsui, William M. 1998. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Summary: Contrary to widespread belief, Japan's acclaimed management strategies are neither novel nor Japanese, but are based on Scientific Management imported from the United States at the turn of the century. A "revised" Taylorism that combines mechanistic efficiency with respect for the humanity of labor has influenced not only Japanese workplaces, but also economic growth, social policy, and political authority in modern Japan.
 

To Profit or Not to Profit: The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector

Weisbrod, Burton A., ed. 1998. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Summary: Nonprofit organizations are becoming increasingly like private firms. The transformation is bringing a shift in financial dependence from charitable donations to commercial sales activity with little-recognized consequences. This book is a set of coordinated studies of why fund-raising for non-profits is mimicking that of private firms and what consequences it is having.